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Wilcox, K. S., delMas, R. C., Steward, B., Johnson, A. B., & Ghere, D. (1997). The "package course" experience and developmental education. Journal of Developmental Education, 20(3), 18-20, 22, 24, 26.
The effect of package courses-based on the learning community model-on several educational outcomes was investigated for linked courses: a content course; an academic success/study skills course; and, in some cases, a noncredit math course. Package course students earned higher student outcomes and additional qualitative benefits were observed at the General College of the University of Minnesota.

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Tinto, V. (1998). Leaning communities and the reconstruction of remedial education in higher education. Journal of Higher Education, 68(6), 599-623. A version of the document retrieved July 4, 2004, from: http://soeweb.syr.edu/faculty/vtinto/files/%20 Learning %20Better%20Together.pdf
The author suggests that variations of learning communities are more effective than stand-alone remedial courses for underprrepared students. A number of institutions have successful concurrently enrolled developmental students in reading courses that are linked to an academic content course which result in higher student outcomes than students enrolled in classes where the curriculum is not coordinated.

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Stansbury, S. (2001). Accelerated Learning Groups enhance Supplemental Instruction for at-risk students. Journal of Developmental Education, 24(3), 20-22, 24, 26, 28, 40.
In order to both increase Supplemental Instruction (SI) attendance by a wider range of students and improve academic achievement, Accelerated Learning Groups (ALGs) were developed. A pilot study investigated whether at-risk students who participated in an ALG/SI combination demonstrated higher self-efficacy and SI attendance than those who participated in only SI. Results suggested that at-risk students were more likely to participated in 12 or more SI sessions if they attended an ALG/SI combination than if they attended only SI. In addition, the range of final grades was higher for those who attended an ALG/SI combination than for those who attended only SI. The development of prerequisite skills was essential for the efficacy of SI to serve academically underprepared students who may shun the very academic intervention that would be of most help to them. Additional research is warranted to investigate this area.

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Stahl, N. A., Simpson, M. L., Hayes, C. G. (1992). Ten recommendations from research for teaching high-risk college students. Journal of Developmental Education, 16(1), 2-4, 6, 8, 10.
One of the most cited articles in developmental education, the authors drew on recent research to identify critical practices related to higher student outcomes for students who are academically underprepared.

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Muraskin, L. (1997). "Best practices" in Student Support Services: A study of five exemplary sites. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED416784). Report summary retrieved April 9, 2005, from http://www.ed.gov/offices/OUS/ PES/higher/sss4.html
This report examines "best practices" in the delivery of Student Support Services (SSS), one of the Special Programs for Disadvantaged Students collectively known as the TRIO programs. The study is based on case studies that were conducted in five local SSS projects during early 1996. The five projects were drawn from 30 projects in the National Study of Student Support Services, a longitudinal survey of students begun in 1991.

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Simpson, M. L., Stahl, N. A., & Francis, M. A. (2004). Reading and learning strategies: Recommendations for the 21st century. Journal of Developmental Education, 28(2), 2-4, 6, 8, 10-12, 14-15, 32.
This is a follow-up to the widely cited publication from Stahl, Simpson, and Hayes (2000) that identifies more critical practices that improve outcomes for students participating in developmental education activities and programs.

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Martin, D. C., & Blanc, R. (2001). Video-based Supplemental Instruction. Journal of Developmental Education, 24( 3), 12-14, 16, 18, 45.
Developed at the University of Missouri-Kansas City, Video-based Supplemental Instruction is an interactive information processing and delivery system that helps academically at-risk students master rigorous course content as they concurrently develop and refine reasoning and learning skills. Rather than requiring prerequisite enrollment in a traditional developmental course, VSI is a learning system that mainstreams the best practices of developmental education into historically-difficult core curriculum courses such as Western Civilization I, College Algebra, or General Chemistry. The VSI program has been replicated at other institutions in the U.S. and abroad at the secondary and postsecondary level.

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Koski, W. S., & Levin, H. M. (1998). Replacing remediation with acceleration in higher education: Preliminary report on literature review and initial interviews. Stanford, CA : National Center for Postsecondary Improvement. Retrieved July 4, 2004, from: http:// www.stanford.edu/group/ncpi/documents/pdfs/4-01_remediation.pdf
The authors offer recommendations for alternative delivery systems for remedial and developmental education. Part of the recommendations are based on the successful model of the Accelerated Schools Movement that makes systematic changes within a school district resulting in improved the academic achievement of at-risk elementary and secondary students. Some of the recommended models are: linked/paired courses; Supplemental Instruction; learning communities; critical thinking programs; and student-centered instruction/individualized learning. A number of institutional success stories are cited included General College of UM. Another summary of the report can be retrieved from http://www.finarticles.com/cf_0/m1254/1_31/54051232/print.jhtml.

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Clark-Thayer, S. (Ed.). (1995). NADE self-evaluation guides: Models for assessing learning assistance/ developmental education programs. Clearwater, FL: H&H Publishing.
These guides were field tested with programs across the U.S. and identify best practices for tutoring, adjunct instructional programs, developmental education courses, and the teaching/learning process. A new edition with updated and expanded best practices in each of these areas will be available in Spring 2007 from H&H Publishing.

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Farmer, V. L., & Barham, W. A. (Eds.). (2001). Selected models of developmental education programs in higher education. New York: University Press of America.
This book identifies best practices in developmental education in the following areas: affective and cognitive support services, curriculum and instruction, assessment and evaluation, and integrating developmental programs within the institution.

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Center for Research on Developmental Education and Urban Literacy. (2005). Homepage. [Online]. Minneapolis, MN: Center for Research on Developmental Education and Urban Literacy, General College, University of Minnesota. Retrieved April 9, 2005, from http://www.gen.umn.edu/research/crdeul/
CRDEUL is a national center for research on practices related to more effective developmental education practices. It publishes an annual monograph on a specific topic related to best practices related to DE, a periodic eNewletter, and conducts periodic training workshops and conferences. Monographs and books which can be downloaded include: theoretical perspectives for DE; histories of DE; exploring urban literacy and DE; multiculturalism in DE; best practices in access and retention in higher education; Multicultural Awareness Project for Institutional Transformation (MAP-IT); and Curriculum Transformation and Disability (CTAD), implementing universal design in higher education. CRDEUL recently published The General College vision: Integrating intellectual growth and student development. This 600 page book that identifies best practices in developmental education that were implemented throughout the curriculum and student services at General College at the University of Minnesota.

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Casazza, M. E., & Silverman, S. L. (1996). Learning assistance and developmental education: A guide for effective practice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. These authors identify best practices in developmental education and provide examples from exemplary programs across the U.S. This is one of the most comprehensive books on the subject and is used as a textbook at several colleges for course related to the field.

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