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June 17, 2008

Report on California Developmental Education

Back to Basics: Improving College Readiness of Community College (2008). Elizabeth G. Hill • Legislative Analyst http://www.lao.ca.gov/2008/edu/ccc_readiness/ccc_readiness_0608.pdf

I highly recommend reading this report about remedial and developmental education in California. It raises critical issues, especially the need for more structure and mandatory participation in such programs for identified students and the need to partner more effectively with secondary education. Following are several short excerpts from the report.

"While the state and community colleges are investing a significant amount of time and money in basic skills education, we believe that substantial advancements can only come about if CCC changes its policies to promote a more effective delivery of services. In this report, we identified several areas of potential improvements at the community colleges, as well as statutory changes for legislative consideration. Taken together, we believe that these recommendations would help to increase the preparation levels of recent high school graduates and the ability of the community colleges to identify, place, and counsel basic skills students.􀀹Provide an indication to high school students about their readiness for college-level work at California Community Colleges (CCC) by expanding California State University’s Early Assessment Program."

Four Major Recommendations from the Report:
1. Develop a CCC placement test based on K-12’s English and math Cali-fornia Standards Tests (CST).
2. For colleges that choose to retain their current placement exam, require their acceptance of CST results and translation of CST scores into their own test results as a condition of receiving “basic skills initiative��? funds.
3. Enact legislation that allows colleges to require underprepared students to take basic skills coursework beginning in their first term.
4. Allow CCC to provide more support services to students by amending the “fifty percent law,��? which currently limits colleges’ fiscal flexibility to hire academic counselors.

June 28, 2006

Access Education in Massachusetts

Task Force on Remedial Education. (1997). Report of the task force on remedial education. Boston, MA: University of Massachusetts. Retrieved July 4, 2004, from: http://cit.necc.mass.edu/mccdec/Report%20of%20the%20Task%20Force.htm
In this document, the Task Force on Remedial Education examines the issue of remedial education, describes the scope of remedial education at the University,

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June 27, 2006

Access Policies in Illinois

Task Force on Remedial Education. (2001). Collaborating to strengthen student preparation. Springfield, IL: Illinois Community College System. Retrieved July 4, 2004, from: http//www.hcc.cc.il.us/staff/padriacs/taskforcereport.pdf
The Remedial Education Task Force identified priority needs for remedial education in Illinois.

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June 26, 2006

Changing Access Policies in Community Colleges

Shaw, K. M. (1997). Remedial education as ideological battleground: Emerging remedial education policies in the community college. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 19(3), 284-296.
The author describes the current debate about the appropriate location of remedial education classes and their frequent placement with public community colleges. The ideological underpinnings for the debate are examined. Distinctions are drawn between developmental and remedial education and the appropriate implementation by community colleges. Some institutions are strongly controlled by state-level policy making that strictly dictates the implementation of policy down to the individual institution regarding testing, admissions, placement into remedial courses, and the curriculum of such courses. Other states provide guidelines that are open for interpretation by the individual institution. Still other states are not directive regarding such matters which are left for local control. This represents three distinct policy models used by public community colleges in the U.S.

June 23, 2006

Access Participation Rates Vary Greatly Across the U.S.

Ruppert, S. S. (2003). Closing the college participation gap. Washington, D.C.: Education Commission of the States. Retrieved July 4, 2004, from: http//www.ecs.org/clearinghouse/47/84/4784.pdf
This national report examines the college participation rates of each state. The policy implications of this report is that a higher percentage of Americans could benefit from college education and the requirements required of the publicly-funded institutions and the states.

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June 22, 2006

Fall 2000 National Study Concerning Access Programs in the U.S.

Parsad, B., & Lewis, L. (2003). Remedial education at degree-granting postsecondary institutions in Fall 2000 Statistical analysis report. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved July 4, 2004, from: http//nces.ed.gov/pubs2004/2004010.pdf
This study was conducted through the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) Postsecondary Education Quick Information System (PEQIS). It was designed to provide current national estimates of the prevalence and characteristics of remedial courses and enrollments in degree-granting 2-year and 4-year postsecondary institutions that enrolled freshmen in fall 2000, and to report changes in remediation from fall 1995.

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June 21, 2006

Access Issues for Low-Income and Historically Underrepresented Students

O'Brien, C., & Shedd, J. (2001). Getting through college: Voices of low-income and minority students in New England. Washington, D.C.: The Institute for Higher Education Policy. Retrieved July 4, 2004, from: http://www.ihep.org/Pubs/PDF/Nelliemae.pdf This research study employed surveys and in-depth interviews with currently enrolled low-income and minority students in the New England region concerning their feelings about the obstacles they face in succeeding in college and what strategies they are employing to deal with the environment.

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June 20, 2006

Access Opportunity for Students from Low-income Families

O’Brien, C. T. (2004). Indicators of opportunity in higher education. Washington, D.C.: The Pell Institute for the Study of Opportunity in Higher Education. Most students from low-income families (below $25,000 annual income) do not attend college since it appears unattainable. Those who do attend from this group generally attend public two your or proprietary colleges. Most of these students will not complete a four-year baccalaureate degree. Postsecondary education is becoming more stratified by students’ income.

June 19, 2006

New England Access Policies and Success Stories

NERCHE. (2002). Developmental education and college opportunity in New England: Lessons for a national study of state and system policy impacts. Washington, D.C.: The Institute for Higher Education Policy and New England Resource Center for Higher Education. Retrieved July 4, 2004, from: http://www.nerche.org/IHEP/FinalRep/NERCHEfinal.pdf
This pilot project does not evaluate New England’s state policies or compare New England public institutions, but rather provides important clues and lessons on how developmental education policies are being implemented in a specific geographic region, and what questions need to be considered in a national study or project.

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June 16, 2006

National Study of Unequal Opportunity Among the States

NCPPHE. (2004). Measuring up: The national report card on higher education. San Jose, CA: National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education. Retrieved October 10, 2004, from: http://measuringup.highereducation.org.
Although more high school graduates are prepared for college, most states, and the nation as a whole. have made few gains in college enrollment and completion over the last decade. And for most American families, paying for college has become more difficult. This report is the first to examine ten-year performance trends in the nation as a whole and in each of the 50 states. The achievement gains are not evenly spread through the population, the report also finds. Substantial racial, ethnic, income, and geographical disparities are hidden in the rising national averages in achievement.
The findings suggest that the national standards movement, and other reforms at the elementary and secondary school levels, have produced larger numbers of college-ready students.

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June 15, 2006

Review of the Literature About Remediation in Higher Education

Martinez, S., Snider, L. A., & Day, E. (2003). Remediation in higher education: A review of the literature. Topeka, KS: Kansas State Board of Education. Retrieved July 4, 2004, from: http://www.ksde.org/pre/postsecondary_remediation.doc
This national survey of developmental education dealt with the following issues: reason for DE enrollment levels; strategies to reduce need for DE; institutional type to provide DE; financial responsibility for DE; factors that make DE more effective; and suggested DE research topics. The report concludes with a state by state analysis of DE by identifying the following features: annual cost, enrollment percentage, state laws and policies or proposed changes, and restrictions on provision of DE.

June 14, 2006

Access Policies in Massachusetts

Lizotte, R. (1998). Access and quality: Improving the performance of Massachusetts Community College developmental education programs. Boston, MA: Massachusetts Community College System. The Massachusetts Community College Developmental Education Committee was charged to identify practices and models for adoption by the state's community colleges. Some of the recommendations include the following four areas. Assessment and Placement: mandatory comprehensive assessment of all incoming students; mandatory placement into appropriate courses. Curriculum Design and Delivery: comprehensive developmental curriculum; exit criteria for each developmental course; conduct continuous outcome research to measure program effectiveness. Support Services: monitor student success through intrusive advising; provide tutors and Supplemental Instruction program. Organizational Structure: professional development of faculty; fund full-time faculty to teach developmental courses.

June 13, 2006

Access Policies at Public Community Colleges

Jenkins, D., & Boswell, K. (2003). State policies on community college remedial education: Findings from a national survey. Washington, D.C.: Center for Community College Policy, Education Commission of the States. Retrieved February 26, 2005, from http://www.communitycollegepolicy.org/pdf/FINAL%20REMEDIAL%20POLICY.pdf These changes have increased enrollment in remedial education at public community colleges. Most states have instituted evaluation programs to monitor such enrollment at the community college and transfer to four-year institutions.

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June 12, 2006

Major Policy Differences Across the U.S. Regarding Access

Kipp, S. M., Price, D. V., & Wohlford, J. K. (2002). Unequal opportunity: Disparities in college access among the 50 states. Indianapolis, IN: Lumina Foundation for Education. Retrieved July 4, 2004, from: http://www.luminafoundation.org This national study investigates academic access in all 50 states for students of varying levels of income and academic preparation. Two major dimensions were studied at the 2,800 postsecondary institutions in the study: admissibility and affordability. While most states provide low-income dependent students with access to public two-year institutions without borrowing, fewer states provide similar access to public four-year institutions.

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June 9, 2006

Access Programs and Four-Year Universities

Jehangir, R. R. (2002). Higher education for whom? The battle to include developmental education at the four-year university. In J. L. Higbee, D. B. Lundell, & I. M. Duranczyk (Eds.), Developmental education: Policy and practice (pp. 17-34). Auburn, GA: National Association for Developmental Education. This article was an early one that forecast of increased pressure for access programs and developmental educaiton at large public four-year universities. This would eventually occur at the University of Minnesota when the General College was closed after a strategic restructuring of the institution.

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June 8, 2006

Links Between Community Colleges and Four-Year Institutions

Furlong, T., & Fleishman, S. (2000). College preparatory program agreements between state universities and community colleges: A Level 1 review. Tallahassee, FL: Florida State Board of Community Colleges. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED440716). There is increased discussion among state policy makers to differentiate missions of public two-year and four-year institutgions. Some of these discussions include placing access programs and developmental education primarily with two-year institutions. Such an arrangement occured decades ago in the Florida public higher education system.

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June 7, 2006

Models of Preparing Students for College

Cunningham, A., Redmond, C., & Merisotis, J. (2003). Investing early: Intervention programs in selected U.S. states. Montreal, Canada: The Canada Millennium Scholarship Foundation. Retrieved July 4, 2004, from
http://www.millenniumscholarships.ca/images/Publications/investingeng_web2.pdf More attention is placed on earlier academic preparation programs for potential college students. Rather than focusing on high school juniors and seniors, the research clearly suggests reaching into middle school to begin the preparation and transition process for college, especially those students who would be first-generation college or from historically-underrepresented backgrounds.

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June 6, 2006

Popular Press Reports on Developmental Education

Cloud, J. (2002, October 14). Who's ready for colege? [Sic] Conservatives want to get rid of remedial education. If so, only two-thirds of today's freshmen need apply. Time Magazine. This is one of the few times that the mainstream press has reported on developmental education. Rather than focusing on a more balanced presentation, the article focuses on the proposed policies in a few states regarding what they call remedial education.

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June 5, 2006

Unclear National Trends Concerning Developmental Education

Boylan, H. R., Saxon, D. P., & Boylan, H. M. (2002). State policies on remediation at public colleges and universities. Unpublished manuscript, National Center for Developmental Education, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. Retrieved July 4, 2004, from: http://www.ced.appstate.edu/centers/ncde/reserve%20reading/state%20 Policies.htm This is probably the most comprehensive and accurate national survey of current policies regarding access education and developmental education. It illustrates how mixed the state policies are across the U.S. regarding opportunities for students.

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June 2, 2006

Impact of Mission Differentiation upon Access Programs

Bastedo, M. N., & Gumport, P. J. (2003). Access to what? Mission differentiation and academic stratification in U.S. public higher education. Higher Education: The International Journal of Higher Education and Educational Planning, 46(3), 341-359. This is one of the most important articles written about access policy in the past several years. Rather than focusing on battles occurring at individual colleges regarding access policies and programs, it describes a national trend that is impacting similar programs across the U.S. People working at colleges that are undergoing significant "mission differentiation" and "strategic reogranization" should pay particular attention to this article.

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June 1, 2006

Opportunity in Decline for Decades Regarding Access

Barton, P. E. (2002). The closing of the education frontier? Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service. Retrieved June 1, 2006, from http://www.ets.org/Media/Research/pdf/PICFRONTIER.pdf Many publications today describe the current or near future decline of opportunity for access to postsecondary education. Barton, on the other hand, argues that the decline has occurred for decades.

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May 31, 2006

Access policies from national survey of FYE programs

Barefoot, B. O. (2003). Findings from the Second National Survey of First-Year Academic Practices, 2002. Brevard, NC: Policy Center for the First Year of College. Retrieved July 4, 2004, from: http://www.brevard.edu/fyc/survey2002/findings.htm

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May 30, 2006

Institutional, state, and national policies

Comparing past and current policies concerning academic access, developmental education, and learning assistance programs helps to identify emerging trends that may have regional or national impact on the field. As suggested by the futuring model developed by John Naisbitt and others, it is important to observe activities and policies developed in California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, and Texas. For a variety of geographic and demographic reasons, these “leading indicator� states often are predictive of future trends in a wide variety of areas in American society. The reader is encouraged to be especially observant of events occurring in these states.

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April 25, 2006

Academic access programs and civic responsibility

Astin, A. W. (1998). Remedial education and civic responsibility. National Crosstalk, 6(2), 12-13. Retrieved July 4, 2004, from http://www.highereducation.org/crosstalk/pdf/ ctsummer98.pdf

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April 21, 2006

Transitions in developmental education

Stratton, C. B. (1998). Transitions in developmental education: Interviews with Hunter Boylan and David Arendale. In J. L. Higbee, & Dwinell. Patricia L (Eds.), Developmental education: Preparing successful college students (pp. 25-36). Columbia, SC: National Resource Center for The First-Year Experience & Students in Transition.

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April 19, 2006

Interview with national leaders about college access, Part I

Damashek, R. (1999). Reflections on the future of developmental education, Part I. Journal of Developmental Education, 23(1), 18-20, 22, 35. Current and former leaders of NADE were interviewed about the future.

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April 18, 2006

An interview with Robert McCabe about developmental education

Callan, P. M. (2000, Fall). An interview: Robert McCabe. National Crosstalk, Retrieved July 4, 2004, from: http://www.highereducation.org/crosstalk/ct1000/interview1000.shtml Robert McCabe is a national leader in the community college movement.

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April 17, 2006

Changing language and vision for the future

Gardner, J. N. (2000). The changing roles of developmental educators. Journal of College Reading and Learning, 31(1), 5-18. Dr. Gardner challenges the field to reinvent iteself for better service in the future.

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