This report is Part 2 in a series on the incumbency advantage in Minnesota politics.
In the first part of Smart Politics' series on the incumbency advantage in Minnesota politics, a case study of Michele Bachmann was presented to illustrate why, historically, the Congresswoman should be seen as a strong favorite in her bid for a third term in 2010.
In today's report, Smart Politics paints with a broader brush to examine to what extent Minnesota incumbents have succeeded in defending their U.S. House seats by the number of terms they have served in office.
An analysis was conducted of Minnesota's 568 general and special election contests since statehood:
· 425 incumbents have won their general election matchups, while 62 have been defeated.
· An additional 14 Representatives have failed to win their party's nomination.
· Another 57 members of Minnesota's U.S. House delegation ended up not running for a subsequent term - either due to retirement, deciding to campaign for another office, resignation, or death.
· An additional 10 races did not have incumbents due to reapportionment increasing the number of Gopher State U.S. House delegation members.
Political Fate of Minnesota's U.S. Representatives, 1857-2008
Outcome |
Number |
Percent |
Won reelection |
425 |
74.8 |
Lost reelection |
62 |
10.9 |
Did not run* |
57 |
10.0 |
Failed to get party's nomination |
14 |
2.5 |
(New district) |
10 |
1.8 |
Total |
568 |
100.0 |
Of the 487 times Minnesota U.S. Representatives made it back to a general election matchup, they have been victorious 87.3 percent of the time - winning 425 of 487 contests.
Historically, freshman Representatives are among the most vulnerable, winning just 79.7 percent of the time. And this makes intuitive sense: unseasoned incumbents have not had the time to build up the kind of rapport or support among their constituency as more seasoned members of Congress.
However, one should not interpret this finding to presume Minnesota GOP Representative Erik Paulsen is therefore particularly vulnerable on its face, when he seeks to defend his 3rd Congressional District seat for the first time in 2010. Here's why: no 1-term Representative from the Gopher State has been defeated in a general election matchup since 1948 (when Republican Party freshmen George MacKinnon and Edward J. Devitt both lost that year).
As expected, the success rate of incumbents has historically increased the longer Representatives have remained in D.C.:
· Two-term incumbents have won 88.2 percent of their re-election bids, winning 75 contests and losing just 10 times. The Gopher State currently has three members in its sophomore class: Tim Walz (MN-01), Keith Ellison (MN-05), and Michele Bachmann (MN-06).
· Three-term incumbents have won 90.5 percent of the time, winning 57 matchups and losing only 6 times.
· Four-term Representatives have won 92.2 percent of their re-election contests, winning 47 and losing 4 - numbers which ought to make Republican John Kline (MN-02) feel even more confident as he seeks to win a fifth term in 2010.
The historical election data takes a bit of a turn, however at the five-term mark, where U.S. Representatives who have been in Washington, D.C. for a decade to 14 years have not been quite as successful.
· Five-term incumbents have won 90.0 percent of their re-election matchups, winning 36 and losing 4. Back in 1992, DFLer Gerry Sikorski fell to Republican Rod Grams in his failed attempt for a sixth term at the Capitol.
· Six-term incumbents have won only 84.4 percent of the time, winning 27 and losing 5. Republican Gil Gutknecht was among these handful of Representatives who lost after a dozen years of service - falling to DFLer Tim Walz in 2006.
· Seven-term incumbents have won 88.0 percent of their contests, winning 22 and losing 3. In 1990, Republican Arlan Stangeland lost his reelection bid in DFLer Collin Peterson's third attempt to unseat the GOPer in the 7th District.
At eight and nine-terms in office, however, incumbents nearly have an unblemished record in the Gopher State. Eight-term congressmen have won 19 of their 20 reelection bids (95.0 percent), and nine-term Representatives, such as Congressman Peterson last November, have won 14 of 15 matchups (93.3 percent).
The data takes another unexpected twist with 10-term Representatives, one of the most (comparatively) vulnerable group of incumbents (a class Peterson falls into today). Those Representatives who have served 20 years in office have the second lowest reelection rate in Gopher State history - at 75 percent.
Nine 10-term Representatives have gone on to win reelection, but three have lost - although all in redistricting years: Republican Walter H. Judd in 1962 (by 3.7 points to DFLer Donald Fraser) and Republicans Andrew Volstead and Halvor Steenerson in 1922 (by 19.4 and 12.6 points respectively).
Overall, 16 of the 62 defeated incumbents have lost during redistricting years (years ending in '2') - at 25.8 percent that is a slightly higher rate than chance.
Incumbents in their 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, and 15th terms have an unblemished record - winning all 23 reelection bids collectively.
Only two Minnesota Representatives have served at least 16 terms in the U.S. House. One is DLFer James Oberstar from Minnesota's 8th Congressional District, who went on to win his 18th term last November. The other is Republican Harold Knutson who, after 32 years in office, lost his bid for a 17th term back in 1948 to DFLer Fred Marshall by 3.4 points. (Knutson was one of three Minnesota Republicans to lose their seats that election year).
Reelection Rate of Minnesota U.S. Representatives by Terms in Office, 1857-2008
Term |
Won |
Lost |
Total |
Percent |
1 |
94 |
24 |
118 |
79.7 |
2 |
75 |
10 |
85 |
88.2 |
3 |
57 |
6 |
63 |
90.5 |
4 |
47 |
4 |
51 |
92.2 |
5 |
36 |
4 |
40 |
90.0 |
6 |
27 |
5 |
32 |
84.4 |
7 |
22 |
3 |
25 |
88.0 |
8 |
19 |
1 |
20 |
95.0 |
9 |
14 |
1 |
15 |
93.3 |
10 |
9 |
3 |
12 |
75.0 |
11 |
7 |
0 |
7 |
100.0 |
12 |
5 |
0 |
5 |
100.0 |
13 |
5 |
0 |
5 |
100.0 |
14 |
3 |
0 |
3 |
100.0 |
15 |
3 |
0 |
3 |
100.0 |
16 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
50.0 |
17 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
100.0 |
Total |
425 |
62 |
487 |
87.3 |
And how has the incumbency advantage played out over the decades in Minnesota? Are incumbents safer today than in the past? Check back tomorrow for Smart Politics' third report in the series, focusing on the incumbency reelection rate by census period.
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