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January 10, 2008

Ants en't ents

Science advances by disproving previously-tenable hypotheses. For example, "The earth is <10,000 years old" was disproved by annual sediment layers long before we were able to estimate the actual age. Actually, Tom Kinraide and I argued in "Strong inference -- the way of science" that a hypothesis needs to be explanatory as well as falsifiable. So for a young earth to ever have qualified as a hypothesis, it would first have needed to explain at least some real world observations. Right off hand, I can't think of any actual data that an unbiased person would look at and say, "Well, these data would make sense, but only if we assume the earth is <10,000 years old."

Similarly, if someone wanted to convert "intelligent design" from religious whining into a scientific discipline, we'd need some falsifiable hypotheses. Suppose, for example, we hypothesized that current features of plants and animals (not just their single-celled, distant ancestors) were supernaturally-imposed designs to maximize their success. That hypothesis is consistent with the many examples of sophisticated adaptations (err, "design"), but what can we conclude from the many examples of maladaptation ("bad design")? Maladaptation is predicted by evolutionary theory (when current conditions don't match those under which past selection occurred, for example) but if some design team is continuously intervening in evolution, do maladaptations imply that they had a busy week? If so, should we expect the problem to instantly disappear, once they get around to it?

This week's paper is another example of the pattern we see repeatedly in biology: many sophisticated adaptations, but also serious "design flaws." In particular, Acacia trees can be fooled into feeding and housing ants that are harming them.

Breakdown of an Ant-Plant Mutualism Follows the Loss of Large Herbivores from an African Savanna was published this week in Science by Todd Palmer and five coauthors, three of whom I know from my years at UC Davis.

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December 07, 2007

The ghost of infections past, present, and future

Summary: A 39-year record of host-parasite interaction, recovered from sediment layers in a pond, is consistent with rapid coevolution.
Link: Host-parasite /`Red Queen/' dynamics archived in pond sediment

As I've discussed previously, archival samples often prove useful for answering questions that weren't being asked when the samples were collected. But what if nobody collected and preserved the samples you need for your research? Maybe you can find a "natural archive" that has what you need.

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May 29, 2007

Coevolution and gene flow

Two species coevolve when changes in either lead to changes in the other. This includes “arms races” between species that compete with each other, but also interactions that benefit both species. “Gene flow” is the movement of genes from one population into another, of the same or related species. For example, some genes in modern cows seem to have come from mating with wild aurochs, before they went extinct. Gene flow often provides new genes; some may be useful to the recipient population. For example, pollen from transgenic sugar beets could transfer herbicide resistance (along with other crop genes) to related weed beets. More often, genes that were useful in the source environment may be harmful to the recipient population. Natural selection will tend to eliminate these, unless gene flow rates are too high. For example, if plants growing on toxic soil around an old mine are outnumbered by neighbors on nontoxic soil nearby, gene flow may swamp natural selection, preventing evolution of tolerance to toxic soil.

This week I’ll discuss a review article on coevolution and then an experimental paper showing how gene flow can affect coevolution. The review is “Variable evolution” by Elizabeth Pennisi, published in the May 4 issue of Science. It discusses coevolution of wild parsnip with the webworms that eat them and coevolution of pine trees with birds and squirrels, among other topics.

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