« Trends in Related Injuries |
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| Factors Limiting Estimation of Injury Costs »
- the level of competition
- skill level
- shoes and equipment – more cleats and cleat placement increase risk. Knee brace effectiveness is inconclusive
- playing surface – drier surfaces increase injury rates. Sythetic surfaces are controversial and more research is needed
- age
- gender
- phase of the menstrual cycle/ligamatous laxity/neuromuscular control
- prior injuries
- fitness/limb dominance, flexibility, strength
- body size/anatomic alignment (Lal, Hoch, 2007). Smaller joints and ACL’s have higher injury rates as do larger hip to knee joint angles