Lisa D. Delpit's "The Silenced Dialogue: Power and Pedagogy in Educating Other People's Children" addresses concerns about "skills" versus "process" approaches to writing instruction in regards to how these approaches affect students who do not belong to what she calls "the culture of power."
The culture of power in our schools, Delpit states, comprises white and middle/upper-middle class students. These students tend to do better in school because, claims Delpit, they hold "cultural capital;" they already possess the discourse patterns and values that are reflected in our educational system. Students without cultural capital tend to struggle, according to Delpit, because they must learn new language codes and value systems, many of which are implicit. "When implicit codes are attempted across cultures," Delpit explains, "communication frequently breaks down." These students often find themselves being held accountable for knowing a set of rules that no one has taught them.
Delpit encourages "liberal" teachers with "good intentions," many of whom may feel uncomfortable possessing this type of power, to admit their role as power brokers, and reexamine their instructional techniques. Many of these teachers, says Delpit, have been advocating the "process approach" to teaching literacy, and employ such practices as peer writing groups. Delpit claims that though these techniques may be effective with students within the culture of power, students outside of it may feel cheated by them. Black students, for instance, she says, "expect an authority figure to act with authority," and may feel the teacher is shirking her responsibilities if she is not offering direct instruction to the class. Delpit cites a study by Siddle (1988) which compared direct instruction, teacher conferencing and peer writing groups and found that direct instruction in the form of "mini-lessons" had the best results, while peer conferencing produced the least number of changes in Black students' writing.
Delpit believes that teachers should directly and explicitly educate students without cultural capital about the "politically charged" styles, codes and values that exist within the culture of power, and that these same teachers must also reinforce to students the value that their own culture holds. Delpit also suggests that such instruction can only be done "in consultation with adults who share their culture," the Black teachers and parents whose concerns have been "silenced by the very forces that claim to 'give voice'" to these students.
Delpit adds she is arguing not solely for the skills approach, though. She admits that these students need to find their own "expertness" and that we "need to help students to establish their own voices" and to "coach those voices to produce notes that will be heard clearly in the larger society." Delpit charges those with the most power to take the initiative in the project of "get[ting] all the issues on the table in order to initiate true dialogue." This must be done, Delpit states, because: "To provide schooling for everyone's children that reflects liberal, middle-class values and aspirations is to ensure the maintenance of the status quo, to ensure that power, the culture of power, remains in the hands of those who already have it."
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I have few quarrels with Delpit's assertions. Yes, a culture of power does exist, yes, I am part of it, and yes, my job as a teacher is to help all students access it if they want to. The concern I have is how to do it. How do I directly teach all of my students who aren't white/middle-class/English speaking the explicit codes of the culture while at the same time meeting the needs of those who are already masters of the code? It's a difficult task.
Delpit’s charge to the culture of power seems directly tied into the controversial NCLB initiative. I have mixed feelings about it. Of course leaving no child behind is a noble goal, of course it would be nice if every student in my school could master basic skills, but is this realistic, and are the results worth the cost? Next year, my high school will lose a good chunk of its ESL funding. Nearly half of the students who qualify for tutoring won't receive help. At the same time, there is a new directive that all ESL students must take two full years of mainstream English classes in order to graduate. This means that I will have more ESL students in my classroom earlier, and most of them will not qualify for any additional help.
Teachers at my school spend many after school hours tutoring ESL, minority, low income, and special education students so they can pass the basic skills tests. Some of these students are definitely benefiting from this direct instruction. Others, though, like some ESL students, those with significant learning disabilities, and those who just don't buy into the system will not make it. But, we require them to try and try, not because it's the best thing for the students, but because we are desperate as a school to shake the dreaded stigma of being an NCLB "school on probation."
Meanwhile, competent and honors students aren't getting nearly the same attention. Honors class sizes are getting bigger and resources are scarcer because so much money and energy is being directed towards those without cultural capital. I am still really struggling with all of these issues. As a public high school, we need to meet all of our students' needs: those with cultural capital, those without, the brilliant students, the struggling students, and, most challenging of all, the students who don't even want to be there. It seems an overwhelming task at times.
Posted by gust0124 at March 28, 2005 5:10 PMHey Linda,
I think it's pretty awesome that you actually despair over the despairing work and the intense pressure to be everything to every child. Like you, I saw little to quibble with in Delpit's theory, but like you too, I sort of yearn for a theorist to not actually theorize about the problem, which although interesting, thought-provoking, and absolutely necessary, seems to bring yet another dish to the teaching table, but rather to offer the most realistic, promising way to solve the problem in actual classrooms where teachers are often contending with ever more pressing issues.
Although one of the most important things I've learned in our class is the necessity for teachers to be flexible, open, and adaptable to different students' different needs, I think I've learned something even more important in that teachers had better damn well love what they're doing because it's a constant struggle.
You, I think clearly qualify as that teacher.
Remarks are forthcoming. The following was handed out by Lisa Delpit during her talk.
Ten Factors Essential to Success in Urban Classrooms
1. Do not teach less content to poor, urban children, but understand their brilliance and teach more.
2. Whatever methodology or instructional program is used, demand critical thinking.
3. Assure that all children gain access to "basic skills," the conventions and strategies that are essential to success in American education.
4. Challenge racist societal views of the competence and worthiness of the children and their families, and help them to do the same.
5. Recognize and build on strengths.
6. Use familiar metaphors and experiences from the children's world to connect what they already know to school knowledge.
7. Create a sense of family and caring in the service of academic achievement.
8. Monitor and assess needs and then address them with a wealth of diverse strategies.
9. Honor and respect the children's home and ancestral culture(s).
10. Foster a sense of children's connection to community - to something greater than themselves.
Found ref to Delpit at other site. Looked up info & clicked here. Thanks for succinct explanation re. codes of power. Liked your commentary too! I taught inner-city school eons ago and the range of abilities, motivations, ESL/ESD, medical and other issues necessitated real, direct, actual instruction. I started teaching at transition to whole language (If you know this term) and spontaneous writing/peer editing made no sense if you do not know a language. I returned to old-fashioned grammar-based lessons because basics are needed before artistry. Re. skills tests. Well our inner-city school we would be bottom ten and used data to advocate/argue for resources. I could go on but thanks for X-cellent post.
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Posted by: nancy lucy arish at August 22, 2009 1:28 AMI agree with every word that you said,I work in a juvenile corrections center and their system centers on and around passivism and the very struction of the institution is on the verge of implosion.But the the very people who run this system are looking for answers to it's preminition of failor.It's all in your evaluation of the differant cultures.
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Posted by: Salton Popcorn Maker at January 26, 2010 10:02 PMAlthough this is an old article, I've only stumbled upon it now...
One issue that no one has brought up is how much these children want to learn about the power culture. From experience, I've seen that most minority children know plenty about the power culture, and at least initially attempt to identify with it; I refer to the famous studies in the '60's where black children consistently chose white dolls over black ones.
I'm also very aware of how the minority culture looks upon people who "talk white" or who strive for academic greatness. Many of these students choose to hide their efforts and successes rather than appear like they are trying to compete in the white world.
I also wonder how it is possible for any kid, with the exposure to television, movies, social media, and other venues, NOT to be aware of the power culture. They may not have the technical skills necessary, but I wonder how much of the not knowing is a CHOICE- a quiet, subtle form of rebellion, Invisible Man style.
Posted by: rspeal at August 2, 2010 9:58 AMLinda, I just ran across your blog even though it was written several years ago. I have witnessed this in both academic and work settings. If the language is not structured just so, my ESL students and clients can run into attitudes that convey they are less in some ways. It may be a missing preposition or article, which is nonexistent in many languages. For this, sometimes my clients are "talked down" to, even though they may be at the top in their field. I find that people who travel internationally tend to extend more courtesy in this respect.
Posted by: ESL Seattle at August 8, 2010 1:48 AMI remember a similar article from a course at university, but this is an interesting take on the topic, thanks for the post.
Posted by: Hugo at September 6, 2010 8:42 PMThis discussion misses the fact that teachers "tend to teach the way that they are taught."
What if we could train teachers to teach in different ways for different students?
My work in developing online ESL teacher training courses demonstrates that:
* Every student is unique
* Students have preferred modes of processing thought (Multiple Intelligences, Higher-Order Thinking)
* Teacher need to observe students more, assume less (that we know about their learning styles and learning needs)
* Students, not their teachers (or state-mandated high-stakes tests) are the best judge of learning progress
We must train teachers in different ways. Then, teachers will see all students as different, and adjust instruction...rather, than see children as categories (such as ESL) and teach in some rigid, off-the-mark way.
Joseph Chmielewski, M.S., L.P.C.
Web 2.0 ESL Teaching Methods Course
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Dear Linda,
You make some excellent points about students finding their own "expertness".
As a university instructor myself, one way I help both parents and teachers is to have them understand that a lot of what goes on in schools caters to the visual learning style.
When kids understand what their learning style is and then add some visual, picture making strategies so that it is faster and more efficient to recall information on tests, then their self-esteem soars, and they are freer to find that expertness you speak of.
Years ago I created a learning styles inventory that schools and universities use to determine preferred learning styles for all students.
This is on our site at HowToLearn.com and there is no charge to take it.
Take the learning styles inventory here
Wishing you the best,
Pat Wyman
University Instructor of Education for teachers at California State University, East Bay
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Posted by: Ashlynn Brooke at March 10, 2011 5:58 PMThanks for this post Linda! I know it was written nearly six years ago, but the information remains relevant still today. Again great stuff. What's next?
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Posted by: Krysta Perlstein at April 14, 2011 3:18 AMWhile true that these students who do not hold "cultural capital" and do not belong to the white and middle/upper-middle class have to struggle, it should not put upon the teacher to subject themselves to the minority but rather uphold the majority and only assist the minority.
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Hey Linda? Not sure if my original post went through so I'm sending it again.
Witnessing our school system in Hawaii, my opinion is that our schools are not teaching what we all need to learn anyway. Reading, writing, and socializing skills can be acquired at any school. Encouraging a child to share and develop personal interests and skills in this information economy is far more important than shoving "non-essential" subjects down their throats. Combine the aforementioned with financial literacy and they have tools that will serve them well in life in the new Information Age.
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