May 14, 2008
SITBB Vault: Questions for Dummies: Basics of GTM
A re-post--especially for The Lonely Dissertator. (And for all the quantitatively trained students who have confided to me in whispered tones that they long to learn more about qualitative research!)
Now, I'm not saying you're a dummy--and I am certainly not claiming to not be a dummy myself about qualitative research (that is, the hypothetical book to the right could just as well be by as for a "dummy"). But I think I may have some small nuggets of non-obvious knowledge to pass along as I continue to develop my expertise in one method of qualitative research, Grounded Theory Methods (GTM).
So, I present here one such nugget. Enjoy!
The Importance of Questions in Grounded Theory Methods (GTM)
Definitely NOT a book about GTM "by dummies" is Strauss & Corbin's Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. These authors--one (Strauss) was a co-founder of the Grounded Theory method--say that asking questions is one of the "two operations [that] are absolutely essential for the development of theory" using the method. There may be no dumb questions in the classroom, but there are questions in GTM that are, if not "dumb," better than others.
What are good questions in GTM? According to Strauss & Corbin,
A good question is one that leads the researcher to answers that serve the developing theoretical formulation. Many questions can be asked, and just as many can lead the researcher down a subsidiary path, one that might be interesting but not in service of the evolving theory (p. 76, emphasis added).
The authors go on to describe their suggestions for four different types of questions. The first two of these are "sensitizing questions" that "tune the researcher into what the data might be indicating," and "theoretical questions" that "help the researcher to see process, variation, and ... to make connections among concepts" (p. 77). (The other two types I'll not discuss: practical/structural and guiding questions.)
Did you get that? Unless you've had your nose in qualitative research books non-stop for almost a year like I have, probably not. I often feel like I did not start "getting" GTM until I drank the methodological kool-aid. A lot of this stuff does sound kind of cult-ish in nature, like if you do not understand you just haven't properly given over your mind and spirit to The Method. But actually, it is not so difficult.
For example, questions of the first kind, sensitizing, include:
- What is going on here (e.g., issues, problems, concerns)?
- Who are the actors involved?
- How do they define the situation?
- What is its meaning for them?
- Are their definitions and meanings the same or different?
And examples of the second kind of questions include:
- What is the relationship of one concept to another?
- What would happen if...?
- How do events and actions change over time?
- What are the larger structural issues here, and how do these events play into or affect what I am seeing or hearing?
Hypothesis vs. Question: Null
One of the first things learned by students of qualitative research is that while quantitative research speaks of research hypotheses, qualitative research speaks of research questions. (The extent to which that is true or not can be debated--for example, some quantitative research is more exploratory in nature and deals in research questions while some qualitative work is more confirmatory in nature and deals in explicit hypotheses or more hypothesis-like questions. But that's a digression for another time.)
A staple of much quantitative analysis (especially for those learning it) has been the idea of the "null hypothesis". Again, some disclaimers are in order: there is some fair amount of controversy in research about just what the null hypothesis does/can tell and does/can not tell researchers. Additionally, it is not uncommon for research to make unfounded conclusions about alternative hypotheses based on their statistical rejection or non-rejection of the null. But the idea of the null hypothesis, to me, is a useful metaphor--if nothing else--for the research process: We want with our research to clear away randomness and the meaninglessness in order to be able to see the patterns and the logic.
Thinking about the null hypothesis got me wondering: What would be the equivalent qualitative question to the null hypothesis? What is the question that you, as a researcher, are trying to reject?
One possibility of a "null question" is actually a two-parter, question plus answer: Is there anything of interest going on here? No, there is not. Just as you might try to find statistically significant differences in quantitative scores to disprove such a statement, in qualitative research we might think of analyzing data for qualitatively significant differences in participants' responses to disprove this null Q&A.
The null question may end up being true. It may be that there is nothing patterned or analytically meaningful or otherwise news- or PhD-worthy about anything that any of my participants say, or--if there is--my qualitative skills are too weak to detect them and my dissertation and entire PhD quest has been all for nothing--
OK, that isn't so much a null question as every dissertator's deepest fear. (And that is a topic for another day...)
May 07, 2008
The Academy, LOL Cat Style
It's been a while since my last (and first) "laugh out loud cat" post. But today I needed a laugh so I though it was time for another LOL Wednesday. These, I did not make myself. But I thought each of them fit nicely with a higher education theme by illustrating some of the disciplines you might find at your local U. (Also, see this post for more cat-college comparisons.
Enjoy!
Criminology Departmentlolcat

more cat pictures
Theoretical Physics Departmentlolcat

more cat pictures
Political Science Departmentlolbird

more cat pictures
Fine Arts Departmentlolcat

more cat pictures
Psychology Departmentlolcat

more cat pictures
Modern Languages Departmentlolcat

more cat pictures
Genetics Departmentlolmouse

more cat pictures
Computer Science Departmentlolcat

more cat pictures
Theology Departmentlolcat

more cat pictures
May 01, 2008
For Dr. Lilian!
I can't wait to hear what Lilian's last word is! As per special request (see comment from this post), here is my original post about the dissertation last word (via this Blogos post):
"They won't call me a [student] when I get to heaven..."
And the post where I posted my actual last word (which did, BTW, survive my revisions):
Comments to these two are closed. (Too much spam.) But I invite Lilian and anyone else to share here the last word of their dissertation or masters thesis.
April 25, 2008
Funky Friday, Birthday Edition
I'm re-posting this playlist from my "The House That Clinton Built" entry posted during Deesha's and my recent Black History Month blogathon. I do so as a gift to myself and to you in honor of my birthday.
So--Happy Birthday to me, and a very merry Un-birthday to youuuuuuuuu!
April 18, 2008
Greatest Academic April 1st Joke Ever!
Or at least in the top 10.
Some Brown University mathematics professors were confused and dismayed this month to learn that the university planned to admit 20 percent of its next freshman class completely at random — by putting names in a hat and drawing them out.The Brown professors were reacting to an e-mail message they received from a colleague reporting on his work on the university’s Admissions Advisory Committee. Complete with the sort of verbiage and citations one might expect in a report from an august institutional panel, the memo outlined the reasons Brown was going to “merit-blind admissions” and the comparable actions of peer institutions. Naturally, professors reacted to this memo, with some expressing concern about random admissions. Had they followed a link provided in the memo, they would have realized that there was no cause for concern. However irrational many people find elite private college admissions, it isn’t in fact being replaced with drawing names out of a hat...
(IHE full article here)
April 03, 2008
Our Eyes Will See the Glory
(Full text and audio: http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkivebeentothemountaintop.htm)
Martin Luther King, Jr
April 3, 1968
Memphis, TN
April 01, 2008
Foolish
A couple days ago I got back into town from visiting relatives and was greeted by temps in the 40s and students in shorts and flip flops tossing frisbees. This morning I was greeted by half a foot of new snow, bundled myself and my girls in hats and gloves, and spent 10 minutes clearing heavy snow from my car. Thus, I'm reposting "The Sun Also Rouses" from last summer to cheer myself up about our cruel April Fools joke. Trust, Minnesotans: It will get better...
Sometimes, during our long and cold Minnesota winters, I play a trick on myself. I go out to my sunporch--a small, enclosed, window-filled space that heats quickly if the sun is shining, no matter how low the outside temperature. There I sit on my porch swing, close my eyes, and pretend that the warmth I feel is the warmth from a distant island. I am far, far away from here (I tell myself)...The waves are mere steps from me, and palm trees are swaying languidly overhead, cool breezes carress my skin (I continue in reverie). After some moments of this, I open my eyes. Only then am I fully aware that I am not on some palm-dotted, sun drenched isle, but in the frozen tundra of the northern USA.
This moment of realization always fills me with an oppressive sense of sadness and regret. I tamp down this sense only because I have so much to do--bills to pay, journal articles to draft, children to drop off or pick up. And I figure that at least for the few moments that I was self-fooled, I may have soaked up enough vitamin D to ward off any unpleasant ailments for another few weeks.
A couple weeks ago I was actually sitting on an island in the middle of the sea with the waves and palms and all that. I was vacationing with my family in Hawaii, on the island of Ohau. At one point on the beach, I closed my eyes and pretended I was back home in my sunporch instead, only pretending to sit on a beach. I needed to ensure that I captured any additional sense-details that I could carry with me to use this coming winter.
The first sense I attempt to nail down is the breeze. I conclude that "cool breeze" is different qualitatively and not just quantitatively from either a "hot wind" or "cold gale." In other words, it is not just a wind midway between these two. For example, a cold wind is so unique that I often refer to it with its own folk name, one that--if you do not already use it--is difficult to explain without you just experiencing it first hand: "the hawk." There are also phrases, metaphors and such for the cold. "Cold as a witch's left...um...breast." (Insert other folk name--slur?--for breast.) I am not sure of the origin of this comparison. But somehow it fits, no matter how nonsensical or misogynistic such a statement may be.
There are similar comparison's for heat: "Hot as hell," for example, simply and concisely sums things up. I can think of no such sayings, however, for the cool breezes I experienced sitting on the beach in the city of Ko Olina. But together with the warm sun, such breezes constituted an almost living system-- the sun-breeze continuum, call it--interacting to both calm and excite, keeping me in a perpetual state of intentional, but moderate motion.

Then there were smells...

Over the summer I have gotten in the habit of buying fresh flowers for our home every 2 weeks or so. I was surprised to find how happy seeing these splashes of beauty made me, and I have vowed to continue this habit. But I have also been surprised at how smell-less most of these flowers have been. Perhaps they put something on the flowers to make them last longer (they do stay beautiful a surprisingly long time) that interferes with their scent? Perhaps I am just too spoiled by super strong fake scents that squirt out of a can or waft from a wall plug that I can no longer appreciate the subtlety of "real" flower scents? I do not know. But many times I have been taken by the beauty in my vase, then walk over to bask my face in their scent only to smell only the slightest hint of aroma--or nothing at all.
This lack of smell, however, is not an issue on the island. There the scents are confident...arrogant, even. They will not be ignored. Together with the equally bold colors--and combined with the sun and the breeze--these smells create another active entity enlivening the atmosphere and influencing my actions within it. (The sun-scent-color-breeze continuum...)
And what about those waves? I have read of waves being "gentle" or "carressing," of waves "lapping" at folks' feet, even of ocean water feeling as if it is "baptizing" someone. Well, I think any one of these characterizations alone is not quite correct. The water and waves have a much more complex personality than this. At the point where the waves wash up against the sand they are, indeed, fairly gentle--playful, even. Waves taunt my daughters by--yes--lapping and licking at their toes. Their trickster nature makes them flow over the girls' sand castles, removing from them their form and detail. Yet the waves' builder character enables them to create their own art using sand as medium: cooling hot sand, compacting and smoothing loose sand, even inserting small shell fragments as if adding objects to a sculpture.
A little farther out the water is warm, the waves still gentle--carressing feet, ankles, lower shin. But move still farther out. Now the water is deep and cool--suddenly, as if an absolute dividing line has been passed. The waves are stronger here. They are more insistent, effortlessly moving my whole body with their strength. Schools of thin little fish call this depth their home. They will swim past me, brushing against my thighs with no fear of capture. Farther out still and the waves, cooler still, are king. I do not go out this far, as my swimming skills are not that great. Here, I know, an unexpected tide can carry a person far out to sea. Here is where people who like to court and tame wild waves paddle out on big boards in an attempt to walk on water.
The multifaceted waves add yet another package of senses--combining temperature, personality, tactility and adding them to my complex continuum of sun, scent, color, and breeze. The continuum is almost complete.
The final sense is one that I think will be the most difficult to capture while sitting on my sunporch. Standing at the edge of land and ocean, feeling the sun and breeze and smelling the smells and looking over the water and all of that, makes me feel very small in a very big universe.

Here, the world goes on forever without end, farther than my eyes can see. Water meets sky at the horizon. I see few people, but have the abstract knowledge that at that moment billions are born and living and dying. I see no stars (except our sun) in the daylight, but have the abstract knowledge that they, too, are coming into being, sending their light across space and time, and snuffing out. My concerns--of bills to pay, jobs to progress in, children to care for, tourist attractions to visit, and all manner of other thoughts--seem very small. There seems to be ample time to breathe deeply, to just sit in the warm sun and feel the cool wind tickle the small hairs on my face. There seems to be ample motivation to then stand and move on to the next thing, neither dimimished nor depressed by the transition from my prior state of calm, but instead roused and energized by it.
I can't wait for my sunporch in December.
March 18, 2008
"This is where we are right now..."
...This is where we are right now. It's a racial stalemate we've been stuck in for years. Contrary to the claims of some of my critics, black and white, I have never been so naïve as to believe that we can get beyond our racial divisions in a single election cycle, or with a single candidacy - particularly a candidacy as imperfect as my own.But I have asserted a firm conviction - a conviction rooted in my faith in God and my faith in the American people - that working together we can move beyond some of our old racial wounds, and that in fact we have no choice is we are to continue on the path of a more perfect union.
...For we have a choice in this country. We can accept a politics that breeds division, and conflict, and cynicism. We can tackle race only as spectacle - as we did in the OJ trial - or in the wake of tragedy, as we did in the aftermath of Katrina - or as fodder for the nightly news. We can play Reverend Wright's sermons on every channel, every day and talk about them from now until the election, and make the only question in this campaign whether or not the American people think that I somehow believe or sympathize with his most offensive words. We can pounce on some gaffe by a Hillary supporter as evidence that she's playing the race card, or we can speculate on whether white men will all flock to John McCain in the general election regardless of his policies.
We can do that.
But if we do, I can tell you that in the next election, we'll be talking about some other distraction. And then another one. And then another one. And nothing will change.
That is one option. Or, at this moment, in this election, we can come together and say, "Not this time." This time we want to talk about the crumbling schools that are stealing the future of black children and white children and Asian children and Hispanic children and Native American children. This time we want to reject the cynicism that tells us that these kids can't learn; that those kids who don't look like us are somebody else's problem. The children of America are not those kids, they are our kids, and we will not let them fall behind in a 21st century economy. Not this time.
This time we want to talk about how the lines in the Emergency Room are filled with whites and blacks and Hispanics who do not have health care; who don't have the power on their own to overcome the special interests in Washington, but who can take them on if we do it together.
This time we want to talk about the shuttered mills that once provided a decent life for men and women of every race, and the homes for sale that once belonged to Americans from every religion, every region, every walk of life. This time we want to talk about the fact that the real problem is not that someone who doesn't look like you might take your job; it's that the corporation you work for will ship it overseas for nothing more than a profit.
This time we want to talk about the men and women of every color and creed who serve together, and fight together, and bleed together under the same proud flag. We want to talk about how to bring them home from a war that never should've been authorized and never should've been waged, and we want to talk about how we'll show our patriotism by caring for them, and their families, and giving them the benefits they have earned.
I would not be running for President if I didn't believe with all my heart that this is what the vast majority of Americans want for this country. This union may never be perfect, but generation after generation has shown that it can always be perfected....
~Barack Obama, 3/18/08
March 14, 2008
Happy Pi Day!
3.1415926535 8979323846 2643383279 5028841971 6939937510 5820974944 5923078164 0628620899 8628034825 421170679 8214808651 3282306647 0938446095 5058223172 5359408128 4811174502 8410270193 8521105559 6446229489 5493038196 4428810975 659334461 2847564823 3786783165 2712019091 4564856692 3460348610 4543266482 1339360726 0249141273 7245870066 0631558817 4881520920 628292540 9171536436 7892590360 0113305305 4882046652 1384146951 9415116094 3305727036 5759591953 0921861173 8193261179 3105118548 744623799 6274956735 1885752724 8912279381 8301194912 9833673362 4406566430 8602139494 6395224737 1907021798 6094370277 0539217176 931767523 8467481846 7669405132 0005681271 4526356082 7785771342 7577896091 7363717872 1468440901 2249534301 4654958537 1050792279 892589235 4201995611 2129021960 8640344181 5981362977 4771309960 5187072113 4999999837 2978049951 0597317328 1609631859 5024459455 469083026 4252230825 3344685035 2619311881 7101000313 7838752886 5875332083 8142061717 7669147303 5982534904 2875546873 1159562863 23537875 9375195778 1857780532 712268066 1300192787 6611195909 164201989. . .
P.S. And Happy Birthday to AE!
Science Friday link
March 13, 2008
A Gift Bag Full of Feminism
Today is my daughters' eighth birthday. We have already had their party--a raucus affair at Pump It Up! They've taken treats to school today to share with their classmates. This evening my husband and I will take them out to dinner and give them their gifts from us (watches with clock faces/hands and books 5 and 6 of the Harry Potter series) and from their relatives out of town.
But still, I am thinking that I should give them a gift that is more personal...more lasting and important. After thinking about this a lot--especially in light of recent current events--I think I know the perfect gift:
Feminism.
But no, not the used, second-hand feminism that I was given/took/stole, and/or re-fashioned. A new feminism.
This new feminism will not trade paternalism for maternalism, nor tokenism for exoticism.
This new feminism will see that sometimes "assertiveness" and "fiestiness" is really just the same old arrogance and rudeness, just spun and branded better.
This new feminism will not be silent in the face of 24/7 media coverage of the death of one blond-haired, blue-eyed young woman while coverage of brown and black young women who also are found dead is absent.
This new feminism will acknowledge that some fish might like bicycles.
This new feminism will involve neither "choice" nor competition among gender and race and income level and sexual orientation and age or any other aspect of personal and group identity.
This new feminism will not define different opinions as self-delusion.
This new feminism will be as concerned with rights to be mothers as with rights not to be.
This new feminism will embrace the struggles and triumphs of my brothers, fathers, grandfathers and uncles as part of its own.
This new feminism will be as concerned with the women changing some other women's children's dirty diapers, cleaning some other women's dirty toilets as it is with these other women's struggles bumping up against the glass ceiling.
This new feminism will continue to observe how the "personal is political," but will also acknowledge that sometimes your personal "ain't like mine."
This gift of new feminism definitely will not be one size fits all, and there will be no restrictions on exchanges or refunds. I give this gift openly and freely, and without expectations of a thank you card or some other repayment at some future time.
Happy birthday, girls. Hope you enjoy your day and all of your gifts.

