Bawa, K.S. and M. Gadgil. 1997. Ecosystem services in subsistence economies and conservation of biological diversity. In: Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems, G.C. Daily (ed.), pp. 295-310. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Keywords: 4w, 4x
Ecosystem services in subsistence economies and conservation of biological diversity
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- 1. General
- a. Summaries and Reviews (98)
- b. Foundations of ecosystem services (15)
- c. Early contributions (16)
- d. Classification schemes (32)
- e. Ethics (5)
- f. Uncertainty (6)
- g. Meta analysis (10)
- h. Option value, Irreserbility (10)
- i. Ecology, Resource management (37)
- j. Environmental & Resource Economics (37)
- k. Ecological Economics (110)
- l. Sustainability (10)
- 2. Driver of ecosystem change
- 3. Ecosystem structure/function and the provision of ecosystem
- 4. Specific goods and services and biodiversity
- a. Surface water quantity (provision) (11)
- b. Surface water quality (29)
- c. Groundwater (quality or quantity) (11)
- d. Timing of water flows (flood control, drought mitigation) (7)
- e. Nutrient recycling (5)
- f. Waste assimilation (1)
- g. Soil retention/erosion prevention (12)
- h. Soil formation/soil fertility (5)
- i. Climate regulation (carbon storage, carbon sequestration) (28)
- j. Pollination (34)
- k. Bioprospecting (10)
- l. Timber production (12)
- m. Non-forest timber products(bushmeat) (14)
- n. Grazing and fodder production (0)
- o. Agricultural crop production (food and biofuel) (17)
- p. Commercial fisheries (23)
- q. Recreational fishing (16)
- r. Aquaculture (12)
- s. Ecotourism (5)
- t. Hunting (18)
- u. Non-extractive recreation (hiking, birdwatching…) (8)
- v. Aesthetics (4)
- w. Cultural and spiritual value (1)
- x. Biodiversity (207)
- y. Health (5)
- 5. Specific ecosystems
- 6. Scale
- 7. Market and non-market valuation
- 8. Policy, management and incentive mechanisms
- a. Payments for ecosystem services (PES) (71)
- b. Cap-and-trade (tradable development rights, carbon market, wetland banking) (5)
- c. Sector specific policies (agriculture, timber, fishery, industry) (52)
- d. Best management practices (14)
- e. Local or national level regulations (Endangered Species Act, zoning) (25)
- f. International conventions (Convention on Biological Diversity, CITES) (4)
- g. Auctions (8)
- 9. Other economic and policy related issues
- 10. Specific geographic locations of application (242)
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