de Groot, R.S. 1994. Environmental functions and the economic value of natural ecosystems. In Investing in Natural Capital: The Ecological Economics Approach to Sustainability, A.M. Jansson (ed), pp. 151-168. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Keywords: 3a, 7a
Environmental functions and the economic value of natural ecosystems.
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- 1. General
- a. Summaries and Reviews (98)
- b. Foundations of ecosystem services (15)
- c. Early contributions (16)
- d. Classification schemes (32)
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- f. Uncertainty (6)
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- 2. Driver of ecosystem change
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- a. Surface water quantity (provision) (11)
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- u. Non-extractive recreation (hiking, birdwatching…) (8)
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- w. Cultural and spiritual value (1)
- x. Biodiversity (207)
- y. Health (5)
- 5. Specific ecosystems
- 6. Scale
- 7. Market and non-market valuation
- 8. Policy, management and incentive mechanisms
- a. Payments for ecosystem services (PES) (71)
- b. Cap-and-trade (tradable development rights, carbon market, wetland banking) (5)
- c. Sector specific policies (agriculture, timber, fishery, industry) (52)
- d. Best management practices (14)
- e. Local or national level regulations (Endangered Species Act, zoning) (25)
- f. International conventions (Convention on Biological Diversity, CITES) (4)
- g. Auctions (8)
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- 10. Specific geographic locations of application (242)
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